reference, declarationdefinition
definition → references, declarations, derived classes, virtual overrides
reference to multiple definitions → definitions
unreferenced
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    6
    7
    8
    9
   10
   11
   12
   13
   14
   15
   16
   17
   18
   19
   20
   21
   22
   23
   24
   25
   26
   27
   28
   29
   30
   31
   32
   33
   34
   35
   36
   37
   38
   39
   40
   41
   42
   43
   44
   45
   46
   47
   48
   49
   50
   51
   52
   53
   54
   55
   56
   57
   58
   59
   60
   61
   62
   63
   64
   65
   66
   67
   68
   69
   70
   71
   72
   73
   74
   75
   76
   77
   78
   79
   80
   81
   82
   83
   84
   85
   86
   87
   88
   89
   90
   91
   92
   93
   94
   95
   96
   97
   98
   99
  100
  101
  102
  103
  104
  105
  106
  107
  108
  109
  110
  111
  112
  113
  114
  115
  116
  117
  118
  119
  120
  121
  122
  123
  124
  125
  126
  127
  128
  129
  130
  131
  132
  133
  134
  135
  136
  137
  138
  139
  140
  141
  142
  143
  144
  145
  146
  147
  148
  149
  150
  151
  152
  153
  154
  155
  156
  157
  158
  159
  160
  161
  162
  163
  164
  165
  166
  167
  168
  169
  170
  171
  172
  173
  174
  175
  176
  177
  178
  179
  180
  181
  182
  183
  184
  185
  186
  187
  188
  189
  190
  191
  192
  193
  194
  195
  196
  197
  198
  199
  200
  201
  202
  203
  204
  205
  206
  207
  208
  209
  210
  211
  212
  213
  214
  215
  216
  217
  218
  219
  220
  221
  222
  223
  224
  225
  226
  227
  228
  229
  230
  231
  232
  233
  234
  235
  236
  237
  238
  239
  240
  241
  242
  243
  244
  245
  246
  247
  248
  249
  250
  251
  252
  253
  254
  255
  256
  257
  258
  259
  260
  261
  262
  263
  264
  265
  266
  267
  268
  269
  270
  271
  272
  273
  274
  275
  276
  277
  278
  279
  280
  281
  282
  283
  284
  285
  286
  287
  288
  289
  290
  291
  292
  293
  294
  295
  296
  297
  298
  299
  300
  301
  302
  303
  304
  305
  306
  307
  308
  309
  310
  311
  312
  313
  314
  315
  316
  317
  318
  319
  320
  321
  322
  323
  324
  325
  326
  327
  328
  329
  330
  331
  332
  333
  334
  335
  336
  337
  338
  339
  340
  341
  342
  343
  344
  345
  346
  347
  348
  349
  350
  351
  352
  353
  354
  355
  356
  357
  358
  359
  360
  361
  362
  363
  364
  365
  366
  367
  368
  369
  370
  371
  372
  373
  374
  375
  376
  377
  378
  379
  380
  381
  382
  383
  384
  385
  386
  387
  388
  389
  390
  391
  392
  393
  394
  395
  396
  397
  398
  399
  400
  401
  402
  403
  404
  405
  406
  407
  408
  409
  410
  411
  412
  413
  414
  415
  416
  417
  418
  419
  420
  421
  422
  423
  424
  425
  426
  427
  428
  429
  430
  431
  432
  433
  434
  435
  436
  437
  438
  439
  440
  441
  442
  443
  444
  445
  446
  447
  448
  449
  450
  451
  452
  453
  454
  455
  456
  457
  458
  459
  460
  461
  462
  463
  464
  465
  466
  467
  468
  469
  470
  471
  472
  473
  474
  475
  476
  477
  478
  479
  480
  481
  482
  483
  484
  485
  486
  487
  488
  489
  490
  491
  492
  493
  494
  495
  496
  497
  498
  499
  500
  501
  502
  503
  504
  505
  506
  507
  508
  509
  510
  511
  512
  513
  514
  515
  516
  517
  518
  519
  520
  521
  522
  523
  524
  525
  526
  527
  528
  529
  530
  531
  532
  533
  534
  535
  536
  537
  538
  539
  540
  541
  542
  543
  544
  545
  546
  547
  548
  549
  550
  551
  552
  553
  554
  555
  556
  557
  558
  559
  560
  561
  562
  563
  564
  565
  566
  567
  568
  569
  570
  571
  572
  573
  574
  575
  576
  577
  578
  579
  580
  581
  582
  583
  584
  585
  586
  587
  588
  589
  590
  591
  592
  593
  594
  595
  596
  597
  598
  599
  600
  601
  602
  603
  604
  605
  606
  607
  608
  609
  610
  611
  612
  613
  614
  615
  616
  617
  618
  619
  620
  621
  622
  623
  624
  625
  626
  627
  628
  629
  630
  631
  632
  633
  634
  635
  636
  637
  638
  639
  640
  641
  642
  643
  644
  645
  646
  647
  648
  649
  650
  651
  652
  653
  654
  655
  656
  657
  658
  659
  660
  661
  662
  663
  664
  665
  666
  667
  668
  669
  670
  671
  672
  673
  674
  675
  676
  677
  678
  679
  680
  681
  682
  683
  684
  685
  686
  687
  688
  689
  690
  691
  692
  693
  694
  695
  696
  697
  698
  699
  700
  701
  702
  703
  704
  705
  706
  707
  708
  709
  710
  711
  712
  713
  714
  715
  716
  717
  718
  719
  720
  721
  722
  723
  724
  725
  726
  727
  728
  729
  730
  731
  732
  733
  734
  735
  736
  737
  738
  739
  740
  741
  742
  743
  744
  745
  746
  747
  748
  749
  750
  751
  752
  753
  754
  755
  756
  757
  758
  759
  760
  761
  762
  763
  764
  765
  766
  767
  768
  769
  770
  771
  772
  773
  774
  775
  776
  777
  778
  779
  780
  781
  782
  783
  784
  785
  786
  787
  788
  789
  790
  791
  792
  793
  794
  795
  796
  797
  798
  799
  800
  801
  802
  803
  804
  805
  806
  807
  808
  809
  810
  811
  812
  813
  814
  815
  816
  817
  818
  819
  820
  821
  822
  823
  824
  825
  826
  827
  828
  829
  830
  831
  832
  833
  834
  835
  836
import codecs
import errno
import fcntl
import io
import os
import pty
import resource
import signal
import struct
import sys
import termios
import time

try:
    import builtins  # Python 3
except ImportError:
    import __builtin__ as builtins  # Python 2

# Constants
from pty import (STDIN_FILENO, CHILD)

from .util import which, PtyProcessError

_platform = sys.platform.lower()

# Solaris uses internal __fork_pty(). All others use pty.fork().
_is_solaris = (
    _platform.startswith('solaris') or
    _platform.startswith('sunos'))

if _is_solaris:
    use_native_pty_fork = False
    from . import _fork_pty
else:
    use_native_pty_fork = True

PY3 = sys.version_info[0] >= 3

if PY3:
    def _byte(i):
        return bytes([i])
else:
    def _byte(i):
        return chr(i)
    
    class FileNotFoundError(OSError): pass
    class TimeoutError(OSError): pass

_EOF, _INTR = None, None

def _make_eof_intr():
    """Set constants _EOF and _INTR.
    
    This avoids doing potentially costly operations on module load.
    """
    global _EOF, _INTR
    if (_EOF is not None) and (_INTR is not None):
        return

    # inherit EOF and INTR definitions from controlling process.
    try:
        from termios import VEOF, VINTR
        fd = None
        for name in 'stdin', 'stdout':
            stream = getattr(sys, '__%s__' % name, None)
            if stream is None or not hasattr(stream, 'fileno'):
                continue
            try:
                fd = stream.fileno()
            except ValueError:
                continue
        if fd is None:
            # no fd, raise ValueError to fallback on CEOF, CINTR
            raise ValueError("No stream has a fileno")
        intr = ord(termios.tcgetattr(fd)[6][VINTR])
        eof = ord(termios.tcgetattr(fd)[6][VEOF])
    except (ImportError, OSError, IOError, ValueError, termios.error):
        # unless the controlling process is also not a terminal,
        # such as cron(1), or when stdin and stdout are both closed.
        # Fall-back to using CEOF and CINTR. There
        try:
            from termios import CEOF, CINTR
            (intr, eof) = (CINTR, CEOF)
        except ImportError:
            #                         ^C, ^D
            (intr, eof) = (3, 4)
    
    _INTR = _byte(intr)
    _EOF = _byte(eof)

# setecho and setwinsize are pulled out here because on some platforms, we need
# to do this from the child before we exec()
    
def _setecho(fd, state):
    errmsg = 'setecho() may not be called on this platform (it may still be possible to enable/disable echo when spawning the child process)'

    try:
        attr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
    except termios.error as err:
        if err.args[0] == errno.EINVAL:
            raise IOError(err.args[0], '%s: %s.' % (err.args[1], errmsg))
        raise

    if state:
        attr[3] = attr[3] | termios.ECHO
    else:
        attr[3] = attr[3] & ~termios.ECHO

    try:
        # I tried TCSADRAIN and TCSAFLUSH, but these were inconsistent and
        # blocked on some platforms. TCSADRAIN would probably be ideal.
        termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, attr)
    except IOError as err:
        if err.args[0] == errno.EINVAL:
            raise IOError(err.args[0], '%s: %s.' % (err.args[1], errmsg))
        raise

def _setwinsize(fd, rows, cols):
    # Some very old platforms have a bug that causes the value for
    # termios.TIOCSWINSZ to be truncated. There was a hack here to work
    # around this, but it caused problems with newer platforms so has been
    # removed. For details see https://github.com/pexpect/pexpect/issues/39
    TIOCSWINSZ = getattr(termios, 'TIOCSWINSZ', -2146929561)
    # Note, assume ws_xpixel and ws_ypixel are zero.
    s = struct.pack('HHHH', rows, cols, 0, 0)
    fcntl.ioctl(fd, TIOCSWINSZ, s)

class PtyProcess(object):
    '''This class represents a process running in a pseudoterminal.
    
    The main constructor is the :meth:`spawn` classmethod.
    '''
    string_type = bytes
    if PY3:
        linesep = os.linesep.encode('ascii')
        crlf = '\r\n'.encode('ascii')

        @staticmethod
        def write_to_stdout(b):
            try:
                return sys.stdout.buffer.write(b)
            except AttributeError:
                # If stdout has been replaced, it may not have .buffer
                return sys.stdout.write(b.decode('ascii', 'replace'))
    else:
        linesep = os.linesep
        crlf = '\r\n'
        write_to_stdout = sys.stdout.write

    encoding = None
    
    argv = None
    env = None
    launch_dir = None

    def __init__(self, pid, fd):
        _make_eof_intr()  # Ensure _EOF and _INTR are calculated
        self.pid = pid
        self.fd = fd
        readf = io.open(fd, 'rb', buffering=0)
        writef = io.open(fd, 'wb', buffering=0, closefd=False)
        self.fileobj = io.BufferedRWPair(readf, writef)

        self.terminated = False
        self.closed = False
        self.exitstatus = None
        self.signalstatus = None
        # status returned by os.waitpid
        self.status = None
        self.flag_eof = False
        # Used by close() to give kernel time to update process status.
        # Time in seconds.
        self.delayafterclose = 0.1
        # Used by terminate() to give kernel time to update process status.
        # Time in seconds.
        self.delayafterterminate = 0.1

    @classmethod
    def spawn(
            cls, argv, cwd=None, env=None, echo=True, preexec_fn=None,
            dimensions=(24, 80)):
        '''Start the given command in a child process in a pseudo terminal.

        This does all the fork/exec type of stuff for a pty, and returns an
        instance of PtyProcess.

        If preexec_fn is supplied, it will be called with no arguments in the
        child process before exec-ing the specified command.
        It may, for instance, set signal handlers to SIG_DFL or SIG_IGN.

        Dimensions of the psuedoterminal used for the subprocess can be
        specified as a tuple (rows, cols), or the default (24, 80) will be used.
        '''
        # Note that it is difficult for this method to fail.
        # You cannot detect if the child process cannot start.
        # So the only way you can tell if the child process started
        # or not is to try to read from the file descriptor. If you get
        # EOF immediately then it means that the child is already dead.
        # That may not necessarily be bad because you may have spawned a child
        # that performs some task; creates no stdout output; and then dies.

        if not isinstance(argv, (list, tuple)):
            raise TypeError("Expected a list or tuple for argv, got %r" % argv)

        # Shallow copy of argv so we can modify it
        argv = argv[:]
        command = argv[0]

        command_with_path = which(command)
        if command_with_path is None:
            raise FileNotFoundError('The command was not found or was not ' +
                                    'executable: %s.' % command)
        command = command_with_path
        argv[0] = command

        # [issue #119] To prevent the case where exec fails and the user is
        # stuck interacting with a python child process instead of whatever
        # was expected, we implement the solution from
        # http://stackoverflow.com/a/3703179 to pass the exception to the
        # parent process

        # [issue #119] 1. Before forking, open a pipe in the parent process.
        exec_err_pipe_read, exec_err_pipe_write = os.pipe()

        if use_native_pty_fork:
            pid, fd = pty.fork()
        else:
            # Use internal fork_pty, for Solaris
            pid, fd = _fork_pty.fork_pty()

        # Some platforms must call setwinsize() and setecho() from the
        # child process, and others from the master process. We do both,
        # allowing IOError for either.

        if pid == CHILD:
            # set window size
            try:
                _setwinsize(STDIN_FILENO, *dimensions)
            except IOError as err:
                if err.args[0] not in (errno.EINVAL, errno.ENOTTY):
                    raise

            # disable echo if spawn argument echo was unset
            if not echo:
                try:
                    _setecho(STDIN_FILENO, False)
                except (IOError, termios.error) as err:
                    if err.args[0] not in (errno.EINVAL, errno.ENOTTY):
                        raise

            # [issue #119] 3. The child closes the reading end and sets the
            # close-on-exec flag for the writing end.
            os.close(exec_err_pipe_read)
            fcntl.fcntl(exec_err_pipe_write, fcntl.F_SETFD, fcntl.FD_CLOEXEC)

            # Do not allow child to inherit open file descriptors from parent,
            # with the exception of the exec_err_pipe_write of the pipe
            # Impose ceiling on max_fd: AIX bugfix for users with unlimited
            # nofiles where resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE is 2^63-1 and os.closerange()
            # occasionally raises out of range error
            max_fd = min(1048576, resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)[0])
            os.closerange(3, exec_err_pipe_write)
            os.closerange(exec_err_pipe_write+1, max_fd)

            if cwd is not None:
                os.chdir(cwd)

            if preexec_fn is not None:
                try:
                    preexec_fn()
                except Exception as e:
                    ename = type(e).__name__
                    tosend = '{}:0:{}'.format(ename, str(e))
                    if PY3:
                        tosend = tosend.encode('utf-8')

                    os.write(exec_err_pipe_write, tosend)
                    os.close(exec_err_pipe_write)
                    os._exit(1)

            try:
                if env is None:
                    os.execv(command, argv)
                else:
                    os.execvpe(command, argv, env)
            except OSError as err:
                # [issue #119] 5. If exec fails, the child writes the error
                # code back to the parent using the pipe, then exits.
                tosend = 'OSError:{}:{}'.format(err.errno, str(err))
                if PY3:
                    tosend = tosend.encode('utf-8')
                os.write(exec_err_pipe_write, tosend)
                os.close(exec_err_pipe_write)
                os._exit(os.EX_OSERR)

        # Parent
        inst = cls(pid, fd)
        
        # Set some informational attributes
        inst.argv = argv
        if env is not None:
            inst.env = env
        if cwd is not None:
            inst.launch_dir = cwd

        # [issue #119] 2. After forking, the parent closes the writing end
        # of the pipe and reads from the reading end.
        os.close(exec_err_pipe_write)
        exec_err_data = os.read(exec_err_pipe_read, 4096)
        os.close(exec_err_pipe_read)

        # [issue #119] 6. The parent reads eof (a zero-length read) if the
        # child successfully performed exec, since close-on-exec made
        # successful exec close the writing end of the pipe. Or, if exec
        # failed, the parent reads the error code and can proceed
        # accordingly. Either way, the parent blocks until the child calls
        # exec.
        if len(exec_err_data) != 0:
            try:
                errclass, errno_s, errmsg = exec_err_data.split(b':', 2)
                exctype = getattr(builtins, errclass.decode('ascii'), Exception)

                exception = exctype(errmsg.decode('utf-8', 'replace'))
                if exctype is OSError:
                    exception.errno = int(errno_s)
            except:
                raise Exception('Subprocess failed, got bad error data: %r'
                                    % exec_err_data)
            else:
                raise exception

        try:
            inst.setwinsize(*dimensions)
        except IOError as err:
            if err.args[0] not in (errno.EINVAL, errno.ENOTTY, errno.ENXIO):
                raise

        return inst

    def __repr__(self):
        clsname = type(self).__name__
        if self.argv is not None:
            args = [repr(self.argv)]
            if self.env is not None:
                args.append("env=%r" % self.env)
            if self.launch_dir is not None:
                args.append("cwd=%r" % self.launch_dir)
            
            return "{}.spawn({})".format(clsname, ", ".join(args))
        
        else:
            return "{}(pid={}, fd={})".format(clsname, self.pid, self.fd)

    @staticmethod
    def _coerce_send_string(s):
        if not isinstance(s, bytes):
            return s.encode('utf-8')
        return s

    @staticmethod
    def _coerce_read_string(s):
        return s

    def __del__(self):
        '''This makes sure that no system resources are left open. Python only
        garbage collects Python objects. OS file descriptors are not Python
        objects, so they must be handled explicitly. If the child file
        descriptor was opened outside of this class (passed to the constructor)
        then this does not close it. '''

        if not self.closed:
            # It is possible for __del__ methods to execute during the
            # teardown of the Python VM itself. Thus self.close() may
            # trigger an exception because os.close may be None.
            try:
                self.close()
            # which exception, shouldn't we catch explicitly .. ?
            except:
                pass


    def fileno(self):
        '''This returns the file descriptor of the pty for the child.
        '''
        return self.fd

    def close(self, force=True):
        '''This closes the connection with the child application. Note that
        calling close() more than once is valid. This emulates standard Python
        behavior with files. Set force to True if you want to make sure that
        the child is terminated (SIGKILL is sent if the child ignores SIGHUP
        and SIGINT). '''
        if not self.closed:
            self.flush()
            self.fileobj.close() # Closes the file descriptor
            # Give kernel time to update process status.
            time.sleep(self.delayafterclose)
            if self.isalive():
                if not self.terminate(force):
                    raise PtyProcessError('Could not terminate the child.')
            self.fd = -1
            self.closed = True
            #self.pid = None

    def flush(self):
        '''This does nothing. It is here to support the interface for a
        File-like object. '''

        pass

    def isatty(self):
        '''This returns True if the file descriptor is open and connected to a
        tty(-like) device, else False.

        On SVR4-style platforms implementing streams, such as SunOS and HP-UX,
        the child pty may not appear as a terminal device.  This means
        methods such as setecho(), setwinsize(), getwinsize() may raise an
        IOError. '''

        return os.isatty(self.fd)

    def waitnoecho(self, timeout=None):
        '''This waits until the terminal ECHO flag is set False. This returns
        True if the echo mode is off. This returns False if the ECHO flag was
        not set False before the timeout. This can be used to detect when the
        child is waiting for a password. Usually a child application will turn
        off echo mode when it is waiting for the user to enter a password. For
        example, instead of expecting the "password:" prompt you can wait for
        the child to set ECHO off::

            p = pexpect.spawn('ssh [email protected]')
            p.waitnoecho()
            p.sendline(mypassword)

        If timeout==None then this method to block until ECHO flag is False.
        '''

        if timeout is not None:
            end_time = time.time() + timeout
        while True:
            if not self.getecho():
                return True
            if timeout < 0 and timeout is not None:
                return False
            if timeout is not None:
                timeout = end_time - time.time()
            time.sleep(0.1)

    def getecho(self):
        '''This returns the terminal echo mode. This returns True if echo is
        on or False if echo is off. Child applications that are expecting you
        to enter a password often set ECHO False. See waitnoecho().

        Not supported on platforms where ``isatty()`` returns False.  '''

        try:
            attr = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
        except termios.error as err:
            errmsg = 'getecho() may not be called on this platform'
            if err.args[0] == errno.EINVAL:
                raise IOError(err.args[0], '%s: %s.' % (err.args[1], errmsg))
            raise

        self.echo = bool(attr[3] & termios.ECHO)
        return self.echo

    def setecho(self, state):
        '''This sets the terminal echo mode on or off. Note that anything the
        child sent before the echo will be lost, so you should be sure that
        your input buffer is empty before you call setecho(). For example, the
        following will work as expected::

            p = pexpect.spawn('cat') # Echo is on by default.
            p.sendline('1234') # We expect see this twice from the child...
            p.expect(['1234']) # ... once from the tty echo...
            p.expect(['1234']) # ... and again from cat itself.
            p.setecho(False) # Turn off tty echo
            p.sendline('abcd') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat).
            p.sendline('wxyz') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat)
            p.expect(['abcd'])
            p.expect(['wxyz'])

        The following WILL NOT WORK because the lines sent before the setecho
        will be lost::

            p = pexpect.spawn('cat')
            p.sendline('1234')
            p.setecho(False) # Turn off tty echo
            p.sendline('abcd') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat).
            p.sendline('wxyz') # We will set this only once (echoed by cat)
            p.expect(['1234'])
            p.expect(['1234'])
            p.expect(['abcd'])
            p.expect(['wxyz'])


        Not supported on platforms where ``isatty()`` returns False.
        '''
        _setecho(self.fd, state)

        self.echo = state

    def read(self, size=1024):
        """Read and return at most ``size`` bytes from the pty.

        Can block if there is nothing to read. Raises :exc:`EOFError` if the
        terminal was closed.
        
        Unlike Pexpect's ``read_nonblocking`` method, this doesn't try to deal
        with the vagaries of EOF on platforms that do strange things, like IRIX
        or older Solaris systems. It handles the errno=EIO pattern used on
        Linux, and the empty-string return used on BSD platforms and (seemingly)
        on recent Solaris.
        """
        try:
            s = self.fileobj.read1(size)
        except (OSError, IOError) as err:
            if err.args[0] == errno.EIO:
                # Linux-style EOF
                self.flag_eof = True
                raise EOFError('End Of File (EOF). Exception style platform.')
            raise
        if s == b'':
            # BSD-style EOF (also appears to work on recent Solaris (OpenIndiana))
            self.flag_eof = True
            raise EOFError('End Of File (EOF). Empty string style platform.')

        return s

    def readline(self):
        """Read one line from the pseudoterminal, and return it as unicode.

        Can block if there is nothing to read. Raises :exc:`EOFError` if the
        terminal was closed.
        """
        try:
            s = self.fileobj.readline()
        except (OSError, IOError) as err:
            if err.args[0] == errno.EIO:
                # Linux-style EOF
                self.flag_eof = True
                raise EOFError('End Of File (EOF). Exception style platform.')
            raise
        if s == b'':
            # BSD-style EOF (also appears to work on recent Solaris (OpenIndiana))
            self.flag_eof = True
            raise EOFError('End Of File (EOF). Empty string style platform.')

        return s

    def _writeb(self, b, flush=True):
        n = self.fileobj.write(b)
        if flush:
            self.fileobj.flush()
        return n

    def write(self, s, flush=True):
        """Write bytes to the pseudoterminal.
        
        Returns the number of bytes written.
        """
        return self._writeb(s, flush=flush)

    def sendcontrol(self, char):
        '''Helper method that wraps send() with mnemonic access for sending control
        character to the child (such as Ctrl-C or Ctrl-D).  For example, to send
        Ctrl-G (ASCII 7, bell, '\a')::

            child.sendcontrol('g')

        See also, sendintr() and sendeof().
        '''
        char = char.lower()
        a = ord(char)
        if 97 <= a <= 122:
            a = a - ord('a') + 1
            byte = _byte(a)
            return self._writeb(byte), byte
        d = {'@': 0, '`': 0,
            '[': 27, '{': 27,
            '\\': 28, '|': 28,
            ']': 29, '}': 29,
            '^': 30, '~': 30,
            '_': 31,
            '?': 127}
        if char not in d:
            return 0, b''

        byte = _byte(d[char])
        return self._writeb(byte), byte

    def sendeof(self):
        '''This sends an EOF to the child. This sends a character which causes
        the pending parent output buffer to be sent to the waiting child
        program without waiting for end-of-line. If it is the first character
        of the line, the read() in the user program returns 0, which signifies
        end-of-file. This means to work as expected a sendeof() has to be
        called at the beginning of a line. This method does not send a newline.
        It is the responsibility of the caller to ensure the eof is sent at the
        beginning of a line. '''

        return self._writeb(_EOF), _EOF

    def sendintr(self):
        '''This sends a SIGINT to the child. It does not require
        the SIGINT to be the first character on a line. '''

        return self._writeb(_INTR), _INTR

    def eof(self):
        '''This returns True if the EOF exception was ever raised.
        '''

        return self.flag_eof

    def terminate(self, force=False):
        '''This forces a child process to terminate. It starts nicely with
        SIGHUP and SIGINT. If "force" is True then moves onto SIGKILL. This
        returns True if the child was terminated. This returns False if the
        child could not be terminated. '''

        if not self.isalive():
            return True
        try:
            self.kill(signal.SIGHUP)
            time.sleep(self.delayafterterminate)
            if not self.isalive():
                return True
            self.kill(signal.SIGCONT)
            time.sleep(self.delayafterterminate)
            if not self.isalive():
                return True
            self.kill(signal.SIGINT)
            time.sleep(self.delayafterterminate)
            if not self.isalive():
                return True
            if force:
                self.kill(signal.SIGKILL)
                time.sleep(self.delayafterterminate)
                if not self.isalive():
                    return True
                else:
                    return False
            return False
        except OSError:
            # I think there are kernel timing issues that sometimes cause
            # this to happen. I think isalive() reports True, but the
            # process is dead to the kernel.
            # Make one last attempt to see if the kernel is up to date.
            time.sleep(self.delayafterterminate)
            if not self.isalive():
                return True
            else:
                return False

    def wait(self):
        '''This waits until the child exits. This is a blocking call. This will
        not read any data from the child, so this will block forever if the
        child has unread output and has terminated. In other words, the child
        may have printed output then called exit(), but, the child is
        technically still alive until its output is read by the parent. '''

        if self.isalive():
            pid, status = os.waitpid(self.pid, 0)
        else:
            return self.exitstatus
        self.exitstatus = os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
        if os.WIFEXITED(status):
            self.status = status
            self.exitstatus = os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
            self.signalstatus = None
            self.terminated = True
        elif os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
            self.status = status
            self.exitstatus = None
            self.signalstatus = os.WTERMSIG(status)
            self.terminated = True
        elif os.WIFSTOPPED(status):  # pragma: no cover
            # You can't call wait() on a child process in the stopped state.
            raise PtyProcessError('Called wait() on a stopped child ' +
                    'process. This is not supported. Is some other ' +
                    'process attempting job control with our child pid?')
        return self.exitstatus

    def isalive(self):
        '''This tests if the child process is running or not. This is
        non-blocking. If the child was terminated then this will read the
        exitstatus or signalstatus of the child. This returns True if the child
        process appears to be running or False if not. It can take literally
        SECONDS for Solaris to return the right status. '''

        if self.terminated:
            return False

        if self.flag_eof:
            # This is for Linux, which requires the blocking form
            # of waitpid to get the status of a defunct process.
            # This is super-lame. The flag_eof would have been set
            # in read_nonblocking(), so this should be safe.
            waitpid_options = 0
        else:
            waitpid_options = os.WNOHANG

        try:
            pid, status = os.waitpid(self.pid, waitpid_options)
        except OSError as e:
            # No child processes
            if e.errno == errno.ECHILD:
                raise PtyProcessError('isalive() encountered condition ' +
                        'where "terminated" is 0, but there was no child ' +
                        'process. Did someone else call waitpid() ' +
                        'on our process?')
            else:
                raise

        # I have to do this twice for Solaris.
        # I can't even believe that I figured this out...
        # If waitpid() returns 0 it means that no child process
        # wishes to report, and the value of status is undefined.
        if pid == 0:
            try:
                ### os.WNOHANG) # Solaris!
                pid, status = os.waitpid(self.pid, waitpid_options)
            except OSError as e:  # pragma: no cover
                # This should never happen...
                if e.errno == errno.ECHILD:
                    raise PtyProcessError('isalive() encountered condition ' +
                            'that should never happen. There was no child ' +
                            'process. Did someone else call waitpid() ' +
                            'on our process?')
                else:
                    raise

            # If pid is still 0 after two calls to waitpid() then the process
            # really is alive. This seems to work on all platforms, except for
            # Irix which seems to require a blocking call on waitpid or select,
            # so I let read_nonblocking take care of this situation
            # (unfortunately, this requires waiting through the timeout).
            if pid == 0:
                return True

        if pid == 0:
            return True

        if os.WIFEXITED(status):
            self.status = status
            self.exitstatus = os.WEXITSTATUS(status)
            self.signalstatus = None
            self.terminated = True
        elif os.WIFSIGNALED(status):
            self.status = status
            self.exitstatus = None
            self.signalstatus = os.WTERMSIG(status)
            self.terminated = True
        elif os.WIFSTOPPED(status):
            raise PtyProcessError('isalive() encountered condition ' +
                    'where child process is stopped. This is not ' +
                    'supported. Is some other process attempting ' +
                    'job control with our child pid?')
        return False

    def kill(self, sig):
        """Send the given signal to the child application.

        In keeping with UNIX tradition it has a misleading name. It does not
        necessarily kill the child unless you send the right signal. See the
        :mod:`signal` module for constants representing signal numbers.
        """

        # Same as os.kill, but the pid is given for you.
        if self.isalive():
            os.kill(self.pid, sig)

    def getwinsize(self):
        """Return the window size of the pseudoterminal as a tuple (rows, cols).
        """
        TIOCGWINSZ = getattr(termios, 'TIOCGWINSZ', 1074295912)
        s = struct.pack('HHHH', 0, 0, 0, 0)
        x = fcntl.ioctl(self.fd, TIOCGWINSZ, s)
        return struct.unpack('HHHH', x)[0:2]

    def setwinsize(self, rows, cols):
        """Set the terminal window size of the child tty.

        This will cause a SIGWINCH signal to be sent to the child. This does not
        change the physical window size. It changes the size reported to
        TTY-aware applications like vi or curses -- applications that respond to
        the SIGWINCH signal.
        """
        return _setwinsize(self.fd, rows, cols)


class PtyProcessUnicode(PtyProcess):
    """Unicode wrapper around a process running in a pseudoterminal.

    This class exposes a similar interface to :class:`PtyProcess`, but its read
    methods return unicode, and its :meth:`write` accepts unicode.
    """
    if PY3:
        string_type = str
    else:
        string_type = unicode   # analysis:ignore

    def __init__(self, pid, fd, encoding='utf-8', codec_errors='strict'):
        super(PtyProcessUnicode, self).__init__(pid, fd)
        self.encoding = encoding
        self.codec_errors = codec_errors
        self.decoder = codecs.getincrementaldecoder(encoding)(errors=codec_errors)

    def read(self, size=1024):
        """Read at most ``size`` bytes from the pty, return them as unicode.

        Can block if there is nothing to read. Raises :exc:`EOFError` if the
        terminal was closed.

        The size argument still refers to bytes, not unicode code points.
        """
        b = super(PtyProcessUnicode, self).read(size)
        return self.decoder.decode(b, final=False)

    def readline(self):
        """Read one line from the pseudoterminal, and return it as unicode.

        Can block if there is nothing to read. Raises :exc:`EOFError` if the
        terminal was closed.
        """
        b = super(PtyProcessUnicode, self).readline()
        return self.decoder.decode(b, final=False)

    def write(self, s):
        """Write the unicode string ``s`` to the pseudoterminal.

        Returns the number of bytes written.
        """
        b = s.encode(self.encoding)
        return super(PtyProcessUnicode, self).write(b)